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Hasil penghitungan kencang (quick count) yang dilaksanakan Jaringan BSuara Indonesia (JSI), pasangan calon TGH M Zainul Majdi dan Muhammad Amin (TGB-Amin) menang dalam pemilihan kepala tempat (pilkada) di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB).

“Kami ucapkan selamat terhadap pasangan TGB-Amin yang memenangkan Pilkada NTB cuma satu putaran, versi ‘quick count’ JSI,” kata Direktur Riset JSI Eka Kusmayadi, terhadap wartawan di Mataram, Senin sore.

JSI adalah salah satu institusi survei politik di Indonesia yang sudah mengantongi akta institusi Quick Count (QC) dari Komisi Pemilihan Biasa (KPU).

Eka mengatakan, pemilihan Gubernur dan Wakil Gubernur NTB jangka waktu 2013-2018 yang level pemungutan suaranya dijalankan, Senin (13/5) itu baru akan diumumkan secara legal oleh Komisi Pemilihan Biasa (KPU) Provinsi NTB sebagian minggu akan datang.

Tetapi, publik berharap mengenal hasil pilkada itu secepatnya sehingga JSI melaksanakan penghitungan kencang.

JSI menerapkan teknik sampling “multistage random sampling” dengan tingkat kekeliruan kurang lebih satu persen, merupakan sebanyak 300 sampel TPS (Daerah Pemungutan Bunyi) dari sempurna 8.922 TPS dengan jumlah pemilih sebanyak 3.478.892 jiwa.

Kesudahannya, pasangan TGB-Amin meraih bunyi terbanyak merupakan 44,63 persen dari sempurna 78.316 bunyi yang didapatkan dari 296 unit TPS dari 300 TPS sampel, atau sebanyak 98,67 persen bunyi.

“Masih ada 1,33 persen bunyi yang belum dihimpun, melainkan itu tak akan memberi pengaruh hasil penghitungan kencang, dan dimenangkan oleh pasangan TGB-Amin,” ujar Eka.

Pasangan calon yang menempati urutan dua dalam perolehan bunyi terbanyak merupakan DR KH Zulkifli Muhadli dan Prof DR H Muhammad Ichsan (Zul-Ichsan) sebanyak 25,81 persen, disusul pasangan Harun Al Rasyid dan Muhyi Abidin (Harum) dengan 22,08 persen, dan pasangan H Suryadi Jaya Purnama dan Johan Rosihan (SJP-Johan) 7,48 persen.

JSI menyimpulkan bahwa kemenangan pasangan TGB-Amin sebab tiga hal utama merupakan ketokohan TGB (sapaan akrab TGH M Zainul Majdi) yang amat populer merupakan berasal dari kalangan ulama, dan tokoh agama yang sudah mengakar di kalangan pemilih, serta contoh yang mumpuni.

Pasangan TGB-Amin menang hampir di seluruh kabupaten/kota di kawasan NTB, selain di Kabupaten Bima dan Dompu yang dimenangkan oleh pasangan Harum yang meraih bunyi 50,73 persen, disusul pasangan Zul-Ichsan dengan 22,79 persen, lalu TGB-Amin 18,64 persen dan SJP-Johan 7,84 persen.

TGB-Amin juga keok di kawasan Sumbawa (Kabupaten Sumbawa dan Sumbawa Barat) yang cuma meraih 30,62 persen bunyi, diungguli oleh pasangan Zul-Ichsan yang meraih 55,05 persen. Pasangan Harum meraih 8,63 persen, dan pasangan SJP-Johan meraih 5,70 persen.

Keempat pasangan calon itu diusung gabungan parpol, merupakan TGB-Amin yang diusung tujuh parpol merupakan Partai Demokrat, Partai Golkar, Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP), Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (PKB), Partai Amanat Nasional (PAN), Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (PDI) Pengorbanan, dan Partai Gerindra.

Zainul Majdi yang akrab disapa TGB adalah Gubernur NTB jangka waktu 2008-2013, yang juga menjabat Ketua DPD Partai Demokrat.

Sementara Amin adalah kader Partai Golkar yang menjabat Sekretaris DPD I Partai Golkar NTB, yang juga masih menjadi member DPRD NTB jangka waktu 2009-2014. Amin berasal dari Pulau Sumbawa.

Paket “Suryadi-Johan” diusung tiga parpol merupakan Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS), Partai Bintang Reformasi (PBR) dan Partai Persatuan Rakyat Nasional (PPRN), dengan dukungan sembilan bangku dari sempurna 55 bangku di DPRD NTB hasil Pemilu 2009.

Suryadi adalah Ketua DPD PKS NTB yang juga Wakil Ketua DPRD NTB, sementara Johan adalah Wakil Ketua DPD PKS NTB yang juga Wakil Ketua Komisi II DPRD NTB.

Paket Zul-Ichsan diusung empat parpol peserta Pemilu 2009 itu merupakan Partai Bulan Bintang (PBB), Partai Karya Peduli Bangsa (PKPB), Partai Kebangkitan Nasional Ulama (PKNU), dan Partai Pengusaha dan Pekerja Indonesia (PPPI).

Zulkifli adalah Ketua Dewan Pengurus Kawasan (DPW) PBB NTB, yang masih menjabat Bupati Sumbawa Barat untuk jangka waktu keduanya. Jabatan bupati itu diraih semenjak 2005.

Sementara Ichsan merupakan eks Dekan Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Mataram (Unram) yang sekarang menjabat Ketua Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim Indonesia (ICMI) NTB.

Paket “Harum” diusung oleh 18 parpol merupakan Partai Hati Nurani Rakyat (Hanura), PNBK Indonesia, PPDI, Partai Buruh, PNIM, PDP, PSI, PPNUI, PPN, PPI, PKP, Partai Patriot, Partai Merdeka, PMB, PIS, Parta Barnas, Partai Kedaulatan, dan PKPI.

Harun adalah eks Gubernur NTB jangka waktu 1998-2003 yang sekarang masih menjadi member DPR dari Partai Gerindra.

Muhyi sekarang masih menjadi member Dewan Perwakilan Tempat (DPD) asal NTB, yang juga petinggi Pengurus Kawasan (PW) Nahdlatul Wathan (NW) NTB, organisasi Islam terbesar di kawasan NTB.

“Quick count” lain.

Konsultan Citra Indonesia (KCI) juga melaksanakan penghitungan kencang pemilihan Gubernur dan Wakil Gubernur NTB jangka waktu lima tahun selanjutnya itu.

Kesudahannya, sebagaimana dikenalkan Direktur KCI Barkah Pattimahu, pasangan TGB-Amin meraih 43,08 persen bunyi, sehingga diucapkan menang satu putaran.

“Selamat untuk pasangan TGB-Amin beserta para pendorongnya, sebab dari hasil ‘quick count’ sudah memenangkan Pilkada NTB cuma satu putaran,” ujarnya.

Pasangan yang menempati urutan kedua perolehan bunyi merupakan Zul-Ichsan yang meraih 26,33 persen bunyi, disusul pasangan Harum dengan 22,69 persen bunyi, dan pasangan SJP-Johan yang cuma meraih 7,8 persen bunyi. (*)

Editor : Anwar Maga

Indonesian Pearls in Figures

Authors Team: Pearls Wholesale, South Sea Pearls, Lombok Tour. South Sea Pearls Wholesale, Lombok Island, Tour Lombok

Indonesia Pearls Exports by Country of Destinations

The biggest quantities of Indonesian unworked cultured pearls (HS 710121) were exported to Japan (with an average share of 65%), followed by Australia (13%), Hongkong (7 %) and Singapore (5 %).

Japan is also the biggest export destination for Indonesian worked cultured pearls (HS 710122), followed by Hongkong (37%)

After a dip in 2004, Indonesian exports of un-worked cultured pearls (HS 710121) rebounded to reach more than US$ 12 millions. The fluctuations had been influenced by pearling cultivation related to climatic conditions.

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THE SPECIAL VIRTUES OF INDONESIAN SOUTH SEA PEARLS

THE SPECIAL VIRTUES OF INDONESIAN SOUTH SEA PEARLS :

• In order to appreciate the special distinctions of the South Sea Pearls, for which Indonesia is the leading producer, one can assess their beauty in terms of luster, color, size, shape and surface quality.
• In terms of luster, South Sea pearls, both natural and cultured, have a very distinct appearance.
• Due to their unique natural luster, they exhibit a gentle inner glow which is noticeably different from the surface shine of other pearls. It is sometimes described as comparing the glow of candle-light with that of a fluorescent light. Occasionally, pearls of very fine quality will exhibit a phenomenon known as orient. This is the combination of a translucent luster with subtle reflections of color.
• The most popular colors of South Sea pearls are white or white with various colored overtones.
• Overtones can be almost any color of the rainbow, and are derived from the natural colors of the nacre of the South Sea pearl oyster.
• When combined with a translucent intense luster, they create the effect known as “orient”.
• Colors that are dominantly found include, Silver, Pink White, White Rose, Golden White, Gold Cream, Champagne and Imperial Gold.
• Imperial gold color is the rarest of all. This majestic color is produced only by the oysters cultivated in Indonesian waters.

• South Sea cultured pearls dominate the pearl world in size, and are generally between 10 mm and 15 millimeters.
• When bigger sizes are found, rarer pearls above 16 millimeters and occasionally in excess of 20 millimeters are highly prized by connoisseurs.
• If beauty is in the eye of the beholder, then South Sea Pearls offer a myriad of opportunities of beauty to behold, as no two pearls are exactly the same.
• Due to the thickness of their nacre, South Sea cultured pearls are found in an exciting variety of shapes.
• Pearl nacre is a beautiful matrix of calcium carbonate crystals and special sub- stances produced by the oyster.
• This matrix is laid down in perfectly formed microscopic tiles, layer upon layer.
• The thickness of the pearl is determined by the number of layers, and the thickness of each layer.
• The appearance of the nacre will be determined by whether the calcium crystals are “flat” or “prismatic”, by the perfection with which the tiles are laid, and by the fineness and number of layers of tiles.
• The effect on the pearl’s beauty depends on the degree of visibility of these perfections.
• This surface quality of the pearl is described as the pearl’s complexion.
• Although shape does not affect the quality of a pearl, the demand for particular shapes does have a bearing on value.
• For convenience, South Sea cultured pearls are graded into these seven shape categories.

Several categories are further divided into numerous sub-categories:

1. Round
2. Semi-Round
3. Baroque
4. Semi-Baroque
5. Drop
6. Circle
7. Button.

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Pinctada maxima

1.2.1 Taxonomic position and distribution

Pinctada maxima was recorded for the first time in northern Australian waters (Dakin, 1913). They are commonly called the silver-lipped or gold-lipped pearl oyster and produce the famous South Sea pearls (SSP)(O’Sullivan, 1992). It is the largest species in the genus Pinctada (Dakin, 1913; Hynd, 1955; Shirai, 1994; Xie, 1990) and it produces the largest and finest pearls (Kunz & Stevenson, 1908). Shell size may reach more than 30 centimetres and individuals may live for up to 40 years (Strack, 2006). Both Pinctada maxima (Jameson, 1901) and P. margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758) are closely related species (He et al., 2005) and share the same position as the most primitive species within the genus Pinctada (Yu and Chu, 2006). P. maxima is distributed from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific and from the tropic of Cancer to the tropic of Capricorn (Wada & Tëmkin, 2008)(Fig. 1.1). They are found in depths of up to 90 metres although their optimal habitat is at about 35 metres (Strack, 2006).

Fig 1.1. Geographical distribution of Pinctada maxima (Wada & Tëmkin, 2008). The taxonomic position of Pinctada maxima is shown below:
Phyllum Mollusca >> Class Bivalvia >> Order Pterioida >> Family Pteriidae >> Genus Pinctada Röding, 1798 >> Species Pinctada maxima (Jameson, 1901)

1.2.2 Morphology and anatomy
The anatomy of Pinctada maxima described below relates to organs and structures that have importance to pearl production and therefore to the research conducted in this study. Like other members of genus Pinctada, P. maxima has nearly equivalve shells with less projecting posterior ‘wing’, compared to the genus Pteria, and concentric lines. Small projecting scales may also occur on the external surfaces of shells, particularly in young individuals (Lamprell & Healy, 1997). Colour bands of gold or silver occur in distal region of the nacreous part of the inner shell (Fig. 1.2).

Fig. 1.2. The inner surface of two valves of Pinctada maxima from different individuals representing gold lip pearl oyster (left) and silver-lip pearl oyster (right); arrows indicate lip colour.

Fig. 1.3. A pair of valves of Pinctada maxima showing shell morphology and orientation; ae, anterior ear (auricle); am, adductor muscle scar; bn, byssal notch; li, ligament; ms, pallial muscle scar; nb, nacre border; nl, nacre layer (mother of pearl=MOP); pl, prismatic layer, and um, umbo.

1.2.2.1. The shell
Like other bivalves, Pinctada maxima posses a pair of valves (Fig. 1.3). Both valves are attached with a ligament in the dorsal hinge region. There are no hinge teeth (Strack, 2006). The right valve is usually flatter than the left valve. Each shell valve is composed of three layers: (1) the outer layer is the periostracum or conchiolin layer; (2) the middle layer is the ostracum or prismatic layer; and (3) the inner layer is the hypostracum or nacre (mother of pearl) layer (Fougerouse et al., 2008). The periostracum may help reduce biofouling on the outer shell surface (De Nys & Ison, 2008; Guenther et al., 2006). Unlike the periostracum which is formed mainly from proteins, the prismatic and nacreous layers are composed of different forms of calcium carbonate. The prismatic layer is composed of calcite crystals, while the nacreous layer is built from aragonite. These structures are embedded within an organic matrix framework (Addadi et al., 2006; Bedouet et al., 2001; Checa and Rodriguez- Navarro, 2005; Matsushiro and Miyashita, 2004) composed mainly of protein (Matsushiro et al., 2003).

1.2.2.2 The mantle
The molluscan mantle (Fig. 1.4) has many functions. Besides protecting internal organs, the mantle has also roles in assimilation, respiration, locomotion and reproduction (Simkiss, 1988). In relation to shell formation, the mantle is responsible for producing ions and minerals used in the biomineralisation process (Blank et al., 2003). The bivalve mantle consists of two lobes of tissue that line the inner surfaces of both shell valves. As in bivalves, each mantle lobe in P. maxima can be divided into three zones: the marginal, pallial and central zones (Dix, 1973; Humphrey & Norton, 2005). The central zone covers the soft tissue, the pallial zone is composed primarily of muscular threads used in mantle retraction, while the outer marginal zone splits into three folds: the outer, middle and inner folds, each with specific roles (Fougerouse et al., 2008). Tissue from the pallial zone is used in the cultured pearl production process (Acosta-Salmón, 2004).
Mantle Gill , Adductor Muscle, Gonad, Auricle, Byssal gland Foot
Fig.1.4. Internal anatomy of Pinctada maxima (Jameson)

1.2.2.3 The gonad
The gonad (Fig. 1.4) has an important role in cultured pearl production as it is used as the organ that receives the nucleus and nacre secreting tissue implant (‘saibo’) required for pearl production (Taylor & Strack, 2008). The ripe gonad of male P. maxima is milky white but it is creamy yellow for females. When fully ripe the gonad may occupy one-third of the internal space of the oyster. However, pearl oysters with full gonads are not used for pearl production because space is required to house the nucleus and tissue implant. Because of this, the implantation for cultured pearl production takes place after the spawning period or following a conditioning period, which empties the gonad (see Section 1.4.2.1). Changes in water temperature are the main factor in inducing spawning of pearl oysters in nature (Behzadi et al., 1997; Hernandez-Olalde et al., 2007; Saucedo et al., 2002a; Saucedo & Southgate, 2008).

Article source: Mamangkey, Noldy (2009) Improving the quality of pearls from Pinctada maxima. PhD thesis, James Cook University.

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